Microbially Produced Imidazole Propionate Is Associated With Heart Failure and Mortality
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Background: Over the past years, it has become clear that the microbial ecosystem in the gut has a profound capacity to interact with the host through the production of a wide range of bioactive metabolites. The microbially produced metabolite imidazole propionate (ImP) is clinically and mechanistically linked with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, but it is unclear how ImP is associated with heart failure. Objectives: The authors aimed to explore whether ImP is associated with heart failure and mortality. Methods: ImP serum measurements in 2 large and independent clinical cohorts of patients (European [n = 1,985] and North American [n = 2,155]) with a range of severity of cardiovascular disease including heart failure. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to delineate the impact of ImP on 5-year mortality in the North American cohort, independent of other covariates. Results: ImP is independently associated with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure in both cohorts, even after adjusting for traditional risk factors. Elevated ImP was a significant independent predictor of 5-year mortality (for the highest quartile, adjusted HR: 1.85 [95% CI: 1.20-2.88]; P < 0.01). Conclusions: The gut microbial metabolite ImP is increased in individuals with heart failure and is a predictor of overall survival.
Originalsprog | Engelsk |
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Tidsskrift | JACC: Heart Failure |
Vol/bind | 11 |
Udgave nummer | 7 |
Sider (fra-til) | 810-821 |
Antal sider | 12 |
ISSN | 2213-1779 |
DOI | |
Status | Udgivet - 2023 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
The authors thank Anna Hallén for help with the Central Illustration.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors
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