The microbiota associated with ligature-induced marginal inflammation around osseointegrated dental implants, ankylosed teeth, and normal control teeth was investigated in 8 cynomolgus monkeys (Macaco fascicularis). Submucosal/subgingival plaque was sampled with paper points on the day of ligature placement and after 7 weeks. The samples were evaluated by phase-contrast microscopy and by cultivation on enriched non-selective and various selective solid media. The submucosal/subgingival flora was changed 7 weeks after ligation. The total number of cultivable bacteria and the proportions of motile rods, anaerobic Gram-negative rods, black-pigmented rods, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia increased significantly around implants, ankylosed teeth, and normal control teeth. Except for a significantly higher proportion of anaerobic Gram-positive cocci around implants compared to ankylosed teeth and normal control teeth at the end of the study, no significant microbiological differences were observed between implants, ankylosed teeth, and normal control teeth neither at baseline nor at the end of the study. Consequently, the microbiota associated with marginal inflammation around implants, ankylosed teeth, and normal control teeth appears to be rather similar in cynomolgus monkeys.