Thermal conversion of phosphorus (P)-rich waste materials such as sewage sludge offers several advantages: generation of bioenergy, concentration of plant nutrients and the destruction of organic pollutants. Different thermal processes modify the feedstock's chemical and physical structure in differing ways, which also affects P speciation and plant availability in the residual ashes or carbonization products. This study assessed to which extent the P plant availability of ashes and chars produced from one batch of sewage sludge by incineration, pyrolysis or gasification was affected by particle size management and post-process oxidation. Overall, a smaller particle size of the materials as well as post-process oxidation of non-oxidized materials increased the amount of plant-available P in the soil. In a pot experiment, all the materials increased plant biomass compared with the untreated control, but the pyrolysis chars had a substantially greater fertiliser value than the gasification ashes, while the two tested incineration ashes differed in their P fertilizing effect. P availability in non-oxidized materials was partly related to lower process temperatures and lower levels of crystallinity. However, downstream oxidation simultaneously increased crystallinity and P availability in a pyrolysis char and gasification ashes, resulting in an increase in plant P uptake of up to 60%. Results indicate that the oxidation of poorly soluble Fe-phosphates may contribute to the positive effect on P availability. The results suggest that changes to the design and settings of the thermal conversion processes of sewage sludge offer considerable potential for improving P availability in the residual material. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.