An integrative geochronological framework for the pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival
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Flores represents a unique insular environment with an extensive record of Pleistocene fossil remains and stone artefacts. In the So'a Basin of central Flores these include endemic Stegodon, Komodo dragons, giant tortoises, rats, birds and hominins, and lithic artefacts that can be traced back to at least one million years ago (1 Ma). This comprehensive review presents important new data regarding the dating and faunal sequence of the So'a Basin, including the site of Mata Menge where Homo floresiensis-like fossils dating to approximately 0.7 Ma were discovered in 2014. By chemical fingerprinting key silicic tephra originating from local and distal eruptive sources we have now established basin-wide tephrostratigraphic correlations, and, together with new numerical ages, present an update of the chronostratigraphy of the So'a Basin, with major implications for the faunal sequence. These results show that a giant tortoise and the diminutive proboscidean Stegodon sondaari last occurred at the site of Tangi Talo ∼1.3 Ma, and not 0.9 Ma as previously thought. We also present new data suggesting that the disappearance of giant tortoise and S. sondaari from the sedimentary record occurred before, and/or was coincident with, the earliest hominin arrival, as evidenced by the first records of lithic artefacts occurring directly below the 1 Ma Wolo Sege Tephra. Artefacts become common in the younger layers, associated with a distinct fauna characterized by the medium-sized Stegodon florensis and giant rat Hooijeromys nusatenggara. Furthermore, we describe a newly discovered terrace fill, which extends the faunal record of Stegodon in the So'a Basin to the Late Pleistocene. Our evidence also suggests that the paleoenvironment of the So'a Basin became drier around the time of the observed faunal transition and arrival of hominins on the island, which could be related to an astronomically-forced climate response at the onset of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT; ∼1.25 Ma) leading to increased aridity and monsoonal intensity.
| Originalsprog | Engelsk |
|---|---|
| Artikelnummer | 107721 |
| Tidsskrift | Quaternary Science Reviews |
| Vol/bind | 294 |
| Antal sider | 41 |
| ISSN | 0277-3791 |
| DOI | |
| Status | Udgivet - 2022 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
Mr Andy Brown (IGES, Aberystwyth University, UK) is thanked for conducting solution-ICP-MS acid digestions. Ms. Jane Chewings and Dr Ian Schipper (SGEES, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) kindly assisted BVA with laser diffraction particle size analysis and acquisition of EMP data, respectively. Prof. Stephen Eggins and Dr James Tolley (Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) are thanked for assisting BVA with instrument access as well as, setting up and acquisition of LA-ICP-MS data. The LA-ICP-MS laboratory at RSES is supported by the Australian Federal Government's National Institute's Grant to the Australian National University , and the LA-ICP-MS analyses were funded by a post-cruise analytical grant from the Australian IODP Office. The University of Melbourne (U–Th)/He thermochronology laboratory receives support under the AuScope program of the Australian Government National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).
Funding Information:
This article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Mike Morwood (b. Auckland, New Zealand, 27-10-1950; d. Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, 23-07-2013). This research was financially supported by the Australian Research Council (grant numbers DP1093342, FT100100384, DP1096558 and DP190100164); The Geological Survey Institute (GSI), Bandung, Indonesia; the Villum Foundation, Denmark; the Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health (SMAH) of the University of Wollongong (grant 2018/SPGc-S/01); Museum Geologi Bandung; and Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Jakarta. Permission to undertake this research was granted by the Indonesian State Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK permits 0107/SIP/FRP/SM/VI/2010, 300/SIP/FRP/SM/VIII/2013, 276/E5/E5.4/SIP/2019). Local research permissions were issued by the provincial government of East Nusa Tenggara at Kupang, and the Ngada and Nage Keo District administrations. We also thank the Provincial and Ngada Tourism, Culture and Education Departments for their ongoing support. Scientific and technical personnel involved at some stage during the successive fieldwork campaigns included: T. Suryana, S. Sonjaya, H. Oktariana, A. Rahman, S. Bronto, E. Sukandar, A. Gunawan, Widji, A. T. Hascaryo, S. Wasisto, Y. Perston, K. Grant, M. Marsh, D. McGahan, A. M. Saiful, B. Burhan, L. Siagian, D. Susanti, P. D. Moi, A. R. Chivas, A. Cahyana, M. Powley, M. Wahyudiono, Budiyanto, A. Rozak, B. Jones, S. Sudjarwadi, L.D. Santi, J. Stocker and J. Tode Solo. Geodetic surveys and measurements were conducted by Y. Sopyan, E. E. Laksmana, A. Rahmadi, and G. Hazell. Our team was supported each year by up to 140 local people from the villages Mengeruda, Piga-I, Piga-II, Wolowawu and Nagerawe. Mr Andy Brown (IGES, Aberystwyth University, UK) is thanked for conducting solution-ICP-MS acid digestions. Ms. Jane Chewings and Dr Ian Schipper (SGEES, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) kindly assisted BVA with laser diffraction particle size analysis and acquisition of EMP data, respectively. Prof. Stephen Eggins and Dr James Tolley (Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia) are thanked for assisting BVA with instrument access as well as, setting up and acquisition of LA-ICP-MS data. The LA-ICP-MS laboratory at RSES is supported by the Australian Federal Government's National Institute's Grant to the Australian National University, and the LA-ICP-MS analyses were funded by a post-cruise analytical grant from the Australian IODP Office. The University of Melbourne (U–Th)/He thermochronology laboratory receives support under the AuScope program of the Australian Government National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS).
Funding Information:
This research was financially supported by the Australian Research Council (grant numbers DP1093342, FT100100384, DP1096558 and DP190100164 ); The Geological Survey Institute ( GSI ), Bandung, Indonesia; the Villum Foundation , Denmark; the Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health (SMAH) of the University of Wollongong (grant 2018/SPGc-S/01 ); Museum Geologi Bandung; and Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Jakarta. Permission to undertake this research was granted by the Indonesian State Ministry of Research and Technology ( RISTEK permits 0107/SIP/FRP/SM/VI/2010, 300/SIP/FRP/SM/VIII/2013, 276/E5/E5.4/SIP/2019 ). Local research permissions were issued by the provincial government of East Nusa Tenggara at Kupang, and the Ngada and Nage Keo District administrations. We also thank the Provincial and Ngada Tourism, Culture and Education Departments for their ongoing support. Scientific and technical personnel involved at some stage during the successive fieldwork campaigns included: T. Suryana, S. Sonjaya, H. Oktariana, A. Rahman, S. Bronto, E. Sukandar, A. Gunawan, Widji, A. T. Hascaryo, S. Wasisto, Y. Perston, K. Grant, M. Marsh, D. McGahan, A. M. Saiful, B. Burhan, L. Siagian, D. Susanti, P. D. Moi, A. R. Chivas, A. Cahyana, M. Powley, M. Wahyudiono, Budiyanto, A. Rozak, B. Jones, S. Sudjarwadi, L.D. Santi, J. Stocker and J. Tode Solo. Geodetic surveys and measurements were conducted by Y. Sopyan, E. E. Laksmana, A. Rahmadi, and G. Hazell. Our team was supported each year by up to 140 local people from the villages Mengeruda, Piga-I, Piga-II, Wolowawu and Nagerawe.
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© 2022
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