Differentiation of COVID-19 signs and symptoms from allergic rhinitis and common cold: An ARIA-EAACI-GA2LEN consensus

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  • Jan Hagemann
  • Gabrielle L. Onorato
  • Marek Jutel
  • Cezmi A. Akdis
  • Ioana Agache
  • Torsten Zuberbier
  • Wienczyslawa Czarlewski
  • Joaquim Mullol
  • Anna Bedbrook
  • Claus Bachert
  • Kazi S. Bennoor
  • Karl Christian Bergmann
  • Fulvio Braido
  • Paulo Camargos
  • Luis Caraballo
  • Victoria Cardona
  • Thomas Casale
  • Lorenzo Cecchi
  • Tomas Chivato
  • Derek K. Chu
  • Cemal Cingi
  • Jaime Correia-de-Sousa
  • Stefano del Giacco
  • Dejan Dokic
  • Mark Dykewicz
  • Motohiro Ebisawa
  • Yehia El-Gamal✝
  • Regina Emuzyte
  • Jean Luc Fauquert
  • Alessandro Fiocchi
  • Wytske J. Fokkens
  • Joao A. Fonseca
  • Bilun Gemicioglu
  • René Maximiliano Gomez
  • Maia Gotua
  • Tari Haahtela
  • Eckard Hamelmann
  • Tomohisa Iinuma
  • Juan Carlos Ivancevich
  • Ewa Jassem
  • Omer Kalayci
  • Przemyslaw Kardas
  • Musa Khaitov
  • Piotr Kuna
  • Violeta Kvedariene
  • Desiree E. Larenas-Linnemann
  • Brian Lipworth
  • Michael Makris
  • Jorge F. Maspero
  • Neven Miculinic
  • Florin Mihaltan
  • Yousser Mohammad
  • Stephen Montefort
  • Mario Morais-Almeida
  • Ralph Mösges
  • Robert Naclerio
  • Hugo Neffen
  • Marek Niedoszytko
  • Robyn E. O’Hehir
  • Ken Ohta
  • Yoshitaka Okamoto
  • Kimi Okubo
  • Petr Panzner
  • Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos
  • Giovanni Passalacqua
  • Vincenzo Patella
  • Ana Pereira
  • Oliver Pfaar
  • Davor Plavec
  • Todor A. Popov
  • Emmanuel P. Prokopakis
  • Francesca Puggioni
  • Filip Raciborski
  • Jere Reijula
  • Frederico S. Regateiro
  • Sietze Reitsma
  • Antonino Romano
  • Nelson Rosario
  • Menachem Rottem
  • Dermot Ryan
  • Boleslaw Samolinski
  • Joaquin Sastre
  • Dirceu Solé
  • Milan Sova
  • Cristiana Stellato
  • Ioanna Tsiligianni
  • Antonio Valero
  • Arunas Valiulis
  • Erkka Valovirta
  • Tuula Vasankari
  • Maria Teresa Ventura
  • Dana Wallace
  • De Yun Wang
  • Siân Williams
  • Arzu Yorgancioglu
  • Osman M. Yusuf
  • Mario Zernotti
  • Jean Bousquet
  • Ludger Klimek

Background: Although there are many asymptomatic patients, one of the problems of COVID-19 is early recognition of the disease. COVID-19 symptoms are polymorphic and may include upper respiratory symptoms. However, COVID-19 symptoms may be mistaken with the common cold or allergic rhinitis. An ARIA-EAACI study group attempted to differentiate upper respiratory symptoms between the three diseases. Methods: A modified Delphi process was used. The ARIA members who were seeing COVID-19 patients were asked to fill in a questionnaire on the upper airway symptoms of COVID-19, common cold and allergic rhinitis. Results: Among the 192 ARIA members who were invited to respond to the questionnaire, 89 responded and 87 questionnaires were analysed. The consensus was then reported. A two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in the symptom intensity between the three diseases (p <.001). Conclusions: This modified Delphi approach enabled the differentiation of upper respiratory symptoms between COVID-19, the common cold and allergic rhinitis. An electronic algorithm will be devised using the questionnaire.

Original languageEnglish
JournalAllergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
Volume76
Issue number8
Pages (from-to)2354-2366
ISSN0105-4538
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2021

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

    Research areas

  • allergic rhinitis, common cold, cough, COVID-19, smell

ID: 269622062