TY - JOUR

T1 - Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases

AU - Dan, Xiuli

AU - Wechter, Noah

AU - Gray, Samuel

AU - Mohanty, Joy G.

AU - Croteau, Deborah L.

AU - Bohr, Vilhelm A.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2021

PY - 2021

Y1 - 2021

N2 - Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.

AB - Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.

KW - Aging

KW - Alzheimer's disease

KW - Neurodegeneration

KW - Olfactory dysfunction

KW - Parkinson's disease

U2 - 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416

DO - 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416

M3 - Review

C2 - 34325072

AN - SCOPUS:85111478005

VL - 70

JO - Ageing Research Reviews

JF - Ageing Research Reviews

SN - 1568-1637

M1 - 101416

ER -