Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric disorder characterised by instability of affect regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and self-image. The aim of this status article is to provide a brief overview of the neurobiological underpinnings of the core dimensions in BPD, as well as of the potential clinical implications. The latest results from genetic, endocrinologic, neuropsychologic, and neuroimaging research in identifying the dysfunctional neurobiological systems that could play a role in diathesis to BPD are presented.