Preterm children are at increased risk of mathematic learning disability (MLD). Studies have however used different diagnosis criteria thus results are not directly comparable. What we know is that gestational age, birth weight, neonatal complications, and the duration of mechanical ventilation after birth, in particular, predict long term mathematic deficiencies. More research is needed on the developmental mechanisms of learning disorders and successful interventions in order to prevent academic failure of neonatal at-risk children.