TY - JOUR

T1 - Control of paratuberculosis

T2 - Who, why and how. A review of 48 countries

AU - Whittington, Richard

AU - Donat, Karsten

AU - Weber, Maarten F.

AU - Kelton, David

AU - Nielsen, Søren Saxmose

AU - Eisenberg, Suzanne

AU - Arrigoni, Norma

AU - Juste, Ramon

AU - Sáez, Jose Luis

AU - Dhand, Navneet

AU - Santi, Annalisa

AU - Michel, Anita

AU - Barkema, Herman

AU - Kralik, Petr

AU - Kostoulas, Polychronis

AU - Citer, Lorna

AU - Griffin, Frank

AU - Barwell, Rob

AU - Moreira, Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo

AU - Slana, Iva

AU - Koehler, Heike

AU - Singh, Shoor Vir

AU - Yoo, Han Sang

AU - Chávez-Gris, Gilberto

AU - Goodridge, Amador

AU - Ocepek, Matjaz

AU - Garrido, Joseba

AU - Stevenson, Karen

AU - Collins, Mike

AU - Alonso, Bernardo

AU - Cirone, Karina

AU - Paolicchi, Fernando

AU - Gavey, Lawrence

AU - Rahman, Md Tanvir

AU - De Marchin, Emmanuelle

AU - Van Praet, Willem

AU - Bauman, Cathy

AU - Fecteau, Gilles

AU - McKenna, Shawn

AU - Salgado, Miguel

AU - Fernández-Silva, Jorge

AU - Dziedzinska, Radka

AU - Echeverría, Gustavo

AU - Seppänen, Jaana

AU - Thibault, Virginie

AU - Fridriksdottir, Vala

AU - Derakhshandeh, Abdolah

AU - Haghkhah, Masoud

AU - Ruocco, Luigi

AU - Kawaji, Satoko

AU - Momotani, Eiichi

AU - Heuer, Cord

AU - Norton, Solis

AU - Cadmus, Simeon

AU - Agdestein, Angelika

AU - Kampen, Annette

AU - Szteyn, Joanna

AU - Frössling, Jenny

AU - Schwan, Ebba

AU - Caldow, George

AU - Strain, Sam

AU - Carter, Mike

AU - Wells, Scott

AU - Munyeme, Musso

AU - Wolf, Robert

AU - Gurung, Ratna

AU - Verdugo, Cristobal

AU - Fourichon, Christine

AU - Yamamoto, Takehisa

AU - Thapaliya, Sharada

AU - Di Labio, Elena

AU - Ekgatat, Monaya

AU - Gil, Andres

AU - Alesandre, Alvaro Nuñez

AU - Piaggio, José

AU - Suanes, Alejandra

AU - De Waard, Jacobus H.

PY - 2019

Y1 - 2019

N2 - Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

AB - Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.

KW - Camelid

KW - Cattle

KW - Control

KW - Deer

KW - Goat

KW - Paratuberculosis

KW - Prevalence

KW - Review

KW - Sheep

KW - Wildlife

U2 - 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4

DO - 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4

M3 - Review

C2 - 31196162

AN - SCOPUS:85067291880

VL - 15

JO - B M C Veterinary Research

JF - B M C Veterinary Research

SN - 1746-6148

IS - 1

M1 - 198

ER -