Cholecystokinin and panic disorder: Reflections on the history and some unsolved questions
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The classic gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) and its CCK2-receptor are expressed in almost all regions of the brain. This widespread expression makes CCK by far the most abundant peptidergic transmitter system in the brain. This CNS-ubiquity has, however, complicated the de-lineation of the roles of CCK peptides in normal brain functions and neuropsychiatric diseases. Nev-ertheless, the common panic disorder disease is apparently associated with CCK in the brain. Thus, the C-terminal tetrapeptide fragment of CCK (CCK-4) induces, by intravenous administration in a dose-related manner, panic attacks that are similar to the endogenous attacks in panic disorder pa-tients. This review describes the history behind the discovery of the panicogenic effect of CCK-4. Subsequently, the review discusses three unsettled questions about the involvement of cerebral CCK in the pathogenesis of anxiety and panic disorder, including therapeutic attempts with CCK2-receptor antagonists.
Originalsprog | Engelsk |
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Artikelnummer | 5657 |
Tidsskrift | Molecules |
Vol/bind | 26 |
Udgave nummer | 18 |
ISSN | 1420-3049 |
DOI | |
Status | Udgivet - 2021 |
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© 2021 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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