TY - JOUR

T1 - Association of streptococcal throat infection with mental disorders

T2 - Testing key aspects of the PANDAS hypothesis in a nationwide study

AU - Orlovska, Sonja

AU - Vestergaard, Claus Hostrup

AU - Bech, Bodil Hammer

AU - Nordentoft, Merete

AU - Vestergaard, Mogens

AU - Benros, Michael Eriksen

PY - 2017

Y1 - 2017

N2 - IMPORTANCE Streptococcal infection has been linked with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders, a concept termed pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). However, previous studies of this association have been small, and the results have been conflicting. OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of mental disorders, specifically OCD and tic disorders, after a streptococcal throat infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based cohort studywas conducted using data from the nationwide Danish registers from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2013, with up to 17 years of follow-up. The Danish National Health Service Register provided information on individuals with the registration of a streptococcal test. Data analysis was conducted from January 1, 2016, to February 28, 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Individualswere followed up in the nationwide Psychiatric Central Register for a diagnosis of any mental disorder, OCD, or tic disorders. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 1 067 743 children (<18 years of age) included in the study (519 821 girls and 547 922 boys), 638 265 received a streptococcal test, 349 982 of whom had positive test results at least once. Individuals with a positive streptococcal test result had an increased risk of any mental disorder (n = 15 408; IRR, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.15-1.21; P < .001), particularly of OCD (n = 556; IRR, 1.51; 95%CI, 1.28-1.77; P < .001) and tic disorders (n = 993; IRR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.21-1.50; P < .001), compared with individuals without a streptococcal test. Furthermore, the risk of any mental disorder and OCD was more elevated after a streptococcal throat infection than after a nonstreptococcal infection. Nonetheless, individuals with a nonstreptococcal throat infection also had an increased risk of any mental disorder (n = 11 315; IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.11; P < .001), OCD (n = 316; IRR, 1.28; 95%CI, 1.07-1.53; P = .006), and tic disorders (n = 662; IRR, 1.25; 95%CI, 1.12-1.41; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This large-scale study investigating key aspects of the PANDAS hypothesis found that individuals with a streptococcal throat infection had elevated risks of mental disorders, particularly OCD and tic disorders. However, nonstreptococcal throat infection was also associated with increased risks, although less than streptococcal infections for OCD and any mental disorder, which could also support important elements of the diagnostic concept of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.

AB - IMPORTANCE Streptococcal infection has been linked with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders, a concept termed pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). However, previous studies of this association have been small, and the results have been conflicting. OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of mental disorders, specifically OCD and tic disorders, after a streptococcal throat infection. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based cohort studywas conducted using data from the nationwide Danish registers from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 2013, with up to 17 years of follow-up. The Danish National Health Service Register provided information on individuals with the registration of a streptococcal test. Data analysis was conducted from January 1, 2016, to February 28, 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Individualswere followed up in the nationwide Psychiatric Central Register for a diagnosis of any mental disorder, OCD, or tic disorders. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 1 067 743 children (<18 years of age) included in the study (519 821 girls and 547 922 boys), 638 265 received a streptococcal test, 349 982 of whom had positive test results at least once. Individuals with a positive streptococcal test result had an increased risk of any mental disorder (n = 15 408; IRR, 1.18; 95%CI, 1.15-1.21; P < .001), particularly of OCD (n = 556; IRR, 1.51; 95%CI, 1.28-1.77; P < .001) and tic disorders (n = 993; IRR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.21-1.50; P < .001), compared with individuals without a streptococcal test. Furthermore, the risk of any mental disorder and OCD was more elevated after a streptococcal throat infection than after a nonstreptococcal infection. Nonetheless, individuals with a nonstreptococcal throat infection also had an increased risk of any mental disorder (n = 11 315; IRR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.11; P < .001), OCD (n = 316; IRR, 1.28; 95%CI, 1.07-1.53; P = .006), and tic disorders (n = 662; IRR, 1.25; 95%CI, 1.12-1.41; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This large-scale study investigating key aspects of the PANDAS hypothesis found that individuals with a streptococcal throat infection had elevated risks of mental disorders, particularly OCD and tic disorders. However, nonstreptococcal throat infection was also associated with increased risks, although less than streptococcal infections for OCD and any mental disorder, which could also support important elements of the diagnostic concept of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome.

U2 - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0995

DO - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0995

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 28538981

AN - SCOPUS:85024094866

VL - 74

SP - 740

EP - 746

JO - JAMA Psychiatry

JF - JAMA Psychiatry

SN - 2168-622X

IS - 7

ER -