The bone response to non-weight-bearing exercise is sport-, site-, and sex-specific
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The bone response to non-weight-bearing exercise is sport-, site-, and sex-specific. / Magkos, Faidon; Kavouras, Stavros A; Yannakoulia, Mary; Karipidou, Melina; Sidossi, Silia; Sidossis, Labros S.
In: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2007, p. 123-128.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - The bone response to non-weight-bearing exercise is sport-, site-, and sex-specific
AU - Magkos, Faidon
AU - Kavouras, Stavros A
AU - Yannakoulia, Mary
AU - Karipidou, Melina
AU - Sidossi, Silia
AU - Sidossis, Labros S
N1 - (Ekstern)
PY - 2007
Y1 - 2007
N2 - Objective: To examine whether skeletal adaptations to chronic non-weight-bearing exercise depend on the type of aquatic exercise (swimming or water polo) as well as on sex (men or women).Design, setting, and participants: This was a cross-sectional study at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. A total of 43 water polo players, 26 swimmers, and 30 sedentary individuals, aged 17 to 34 years, were recruited (52 men, 47 women).Main outcome measures: Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the total body and of various subregions.Results: Compared with controls, swimmers had lower leg and total aBMD (P < 0.05), whereas water polo players had lower leg but higher arm and trunk aBMD (all P < 0.05). Swimmers and water polo athletes differed at the arms (men only), trunk, and total body (all higher in water polo players, at P < 0.05). Bone adaptations to water polo playing were unaffected by sex. Female swimmers, but not male swimmers, had 13% higher arm BMC than controls (P < 0.05), whereas male swimmers, but not female swimmers, had 12% lower leg BMC than controls (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Athletes participating in long-term water polo playing and swimming have substantially different total and regional aBMD. The effect is not mediated by sex in water polo players; however, sex may mediate the differences between swimmers and controls. Whether the observed differences between athlete groups and sexes arise from different bone adaptations to activity or from other factors cannot be answered by the current data.Clinical relevance: Water polo playing may be preferable over swimming for maintaining bone health; both types of aquatic exercise at the elite level of participation, however, have unfavorable effects on the lower limb bones.
AB - Objective: To examine whether skeletal adaptations to chronic non-weight-bearing exercise depend on the type of aquatic exercise (swimming or water polo) as well as on sex (men or women).Design, setting, and participants: This was a cross-sectional study at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. A total of 43 water polo players, 26 swimmers, and 30 sedentary individuals, aged 17 to 34 years, were recruited (52 men, 47 women).Main outcome measures: Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the total body and of various subregions.Results: Compared with controls, swimmers had lower leg and total aBMD (P < 0.05), whereas water polo players had lower leg but higher arm and trunk aBMD (all P < 0.05). Swimmers and water polo athletes differed at the arms (men only), trunk, and total body (all higher in water polo players, at P < 0.05). Bone adaptations to water polo playing were unaffected by sex. Female swimmers, but not male swimmers, had 13% higher arm BMC than controls (P < 0.05), whereas male swimmers, but not female swimmers, had 12% lower leg BMC than controls (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Athletes participating in long-term water polo playing and swimming have substantially different total and regional aBMD. The effect is not mediated by sex in water polo players; however, sex may mediate the differences between swimmers and controls. Whether the observed differences between athlete groups and sexes arise from different bone adaptations to activity or from other factors cannot be answered by the current data.Clinical relevance: Water polo playing may be preferable over swimming for maintaining bone health; both types of aquatic exercise at the elite level of participation, however, have unfavorable effects on the lower limb bones.
KW - Absorptiometry, Photon
KW - Adaptation, Physiological
KW - Adolescent
KW - Adult
KW - Analysis of Variance
KW - Bone Density/physiology
KW - Case-Control Studies
KW - Cross-Sectional Studies
KW - Female
KW - Humans
KW - Lower Extremity/physiology
KW - Male
KW - Sex Factors
KW - Swimming/physiology
KW - Upper Extremity/physiology
U2 - 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318032129d
DO - 10.1097/JSM.0b013e318032129d
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 17414480
VL - 17
SP - 123
EP - 128
JO - Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
JF - Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
SN - 1050-642X
IS - 2
ER -
ID: 297125733