A rapidly rotating single-photon emission tomograph was used to study regional cerebral blood flow by 133Xenon inhalation. Using a rotation speed of 180 degrees/5 sec a tomographic picture of the average Xenon concentration in 3 slices is obtained. By taking a sequence of 4 one-minute tomograms during and after a one-minute 133Xenon inhalation period a flow-dependent variation in local isotope concentration is seen. This sequence is used for calculating CBF by a deconvolution procedure. The CBF maps have a spatial resolution of approximately 1.7 cm (FWHM). This preliminary study comprises normal subjects and 10 unselected patients with stroke. The CBF tomograms localized appropriate ischemic areas in all 10 patients. In one patient the conventional x-ray tomogram was negative, while the flow tomogram clearly showed a decreased flow in consonance with the clinical findings. Regional cerebral blood flow measured tomographically by 133Xenon inhalation circumvents the extra-cranial contamination and the superposition of intracranial tissues that hamper 133Xenon inhalation flow studies using stationary detectors.