Detection of erythropoietin in blood to uncover doping in sports using machine learning
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Detection of erythropoietin in blood to uncover doping in sports using machine learning. / Rahman, Maxx Richard; Bejder, Jacob; Bonne, Thomas Christian; Andersen, Andreas Breenfeldt; Huertas, Jesús Rodríguez; Aikin, Reid; Nordsborg, Nikolai Baastrup; Maass, Wolfgang.
Proceedings - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Digital Health, ICDH 2022. ed. / Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed; Claudio Augistino Ardagna; Hongyi Bian; Mario Bochicchio; Carl K. Chang; Rong N. Chang; Ernesto Damiani; Lin Liu; Misha Pavel; Corrado Priami; Hossain Shahriar; Robert Ward; Fatos Xhafa; Jia Zhang; Farhana Zulkernine. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022. p. 193-201 (IEEE International Conference on Digital Health, Vol. 2022).Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Article in proceedings › Research › peer-review
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TY - GEN
T1 - Detection of erythropoietin in blood to uncover doping in sports using machine learning
AU - Rahman, Maxx Richard
AU - Bejder, Jacob
AU - Bonne, Thomas Christian
AU - Andersen, Andreas Breenfeldt
AU - Huertas, Jesús Rodríguez
AU - Aikin, Reid
AU - Nordsborg, Nikolai Baastrup
AU - Maass, Wolfgang
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2022 IEEE.
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Sports officials around the world are facing challenges due to the unfair nature of doping practices used by unscrupulous athletes to improve their performance. This practice includes blood transfusion, intake of anabolic steroids or even hormone-based drugs like erythropoietin to increase their strength, endurance, and ultimately their performance. While direct detection and identification of erythropoietin in blood samples of athletes have proven an effective means to uncover doping, not all the cases are easily detectable, and some analyses are too costly to be carried out on every sample. This leads to a need to develop an indirect method for detecting erythropoietin in blood samples based on different blood biomarkers. In this paper, we presented a comparison of different machine learning algorithms combined with statistical analysis approaches to identify the presence of erythropoietin drug in blood samples collected at both sea level and moderate altitude. The results presented indicate that ensemble methods like random forest and X Gboost algorithms may provide an effective tool to aid anti-doping organisations in most effectively distributing scarce resources. Implementation of these methods on the samples from elite athletes may both enhance the deterrence effect of anti-doping as well as increases the likelihood of catching doped athletes.
AB - Sports officials around the world are facing challenges due to the unfair nature of doping practices used by unscrupulous athletes to improve their performance. This practice includes blood transfusion, intake of anabolic steroids or even hormone-based drugs like erythropoietin to increase their strength, endurance, and ultimately their performance. While direct detection and identification of erythropoietin in blood samples of athletes have proven an effective means to uncover doping, not all the cases are easily detectable, and some analyses are too costly to be carried out on every sample. This leads to a need to develop an indirect method for detecting erythropoietin in blood samples based on different blood biomarkers. In this paper, we presented a comparison of different machine learning algorithms combined with statistical analysis approaches to identify the presence of erythropoietin drug in blood samples collected at both sea level and moderate altitude. The results presented indicate that ensemble methods like random forest and X Gboost algorithms may provide an effective tool to aid anti-doping organisations in most effectively distributing scarce resources. Implementation of these methods on the samples from elite athletes may both enhance the deterrence effect of anti-doping as well as increases the likelihood of catching doped athletes.
KW - Blood doping
KW - Drug abuse
KW - Erythropoietin
KW - Machine learning
KW - rhEPO
KW - Sports
U2 - 10.1109/ICDH55609.2022.00038
DO - 10.1109/ICDH55609.2022.00038
M3 - Article in proceedings
AN - SCOPUS:85138027304
T3 - IEEE International Conference on Digital Health
SP - 193
EP - 201
BT - Proceedings - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Digital Health, ICDH 2022
A2 - Ahamed, Sheikh Iqbal
A2 - Ardagna, Claudio Augistino
A2 - Bian, Hongyi
A2 - Bochicchio, Mario
A2 - Chang, Carl K.
A2 - Chang, Rong N.
A2 - Damiani, Ernesto
A2 - Liu, Lin
A2 - Pavel, Misha
A2 - Priami, Corrado
A2 - Shahriar, Hossain
A2 - Ward, Robert
A2 - Xhafa, Fatos
A2 - Zhang, Jia
A2 - Zulkernine, Farhana
PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
T2 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Digital Health, ICDH 2022
Y2 - 10 July 2022 through 16 July 2022
ER -
ID: 320750365