Anesthetic protocols for urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract in small rodents: A systematic review
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Anesthetic protocols for urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract in small rodents : A systematic review. / Abdelkhalek, Abdelkhalek Samy; Youssef, Haroun Ali; Saleh, Ahmed Sayed; Bollen, Peter; Zvara, Peter.
In: PLoS ONE, Vol. 16, No. 6, e0253192, 2021.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Anesthetic protocols for urodynamic studies of the lower urinary tract in small rodents
T2 - A systematic review
AU - Abdelkhalek, Abdelkhalek Samy
AU - Youssef, Haroun Ali
AU - Saleh, Ahmed Sayed
AU - Bollen, Peter
AU - Zvara, Peter
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Urodynamic studies in rats and mice are broadly used to examine pathomechnisms of disease and identify and test therapeutic targets. This review aims to highlight the effects of the anesthetics on the lower urinary tract function and seeks to identify protocols that allow recovery from anesthesia and repeated measurements while preserving the function which is being studied. All studies published in English language, which compared the data obtained under various types of anesthesia and the urodynamics performed in awake animals were included. It appears that urethane, an anesthetic recommended extensively for the investigation of lower urinary tract function, is appropriate for acute urodynamic studies only. Major advantages of urethane are its stability and ability to preserve the micturition reflex. Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, urethane anesthesia should not be used for recovery procedures. This review evaluated available alternatives including propofol, isoflurane and combinations of urethane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/medetomidine, and/or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam. Different effects have been demonstrated among these drugs on the urinary bladder, the urethral sphincter, as well as on their neuroregulation. The lowest incidence of adverse effects was observed with the use of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Although the variations in the reviewed study protocols represent a limitation, we believe that this summary will help in standardizing and optimizing future experiments.
AB - Urodynamic studies in rats and mice are broadly used to examine pathomechnisms of disease and identify and test therapeutic targets. This review aims to highlight the effects of the anesthetics on the lower urinary tract function and seeks to identify protocols that allow recovery from anesthesia and repeated measurements while preserving the function which is being studied. All studies published in English language, which compared the data obtained under various types of anesthesia and the urodynamics performed in awake animals were included. It appears that urethane, an anesthetic recommended extensively for the investigation of lower urinary tract function, is appropriate for acute urodynamic studies only. Major advantages of urethane are its stability and ability to preserve the micturition reflex. Due to its toxicity and carcinogenicity, urethane anesthesia should not be used for recovery procedures. This review evaluated available alternatives including propofol, isoflurane and combinations of urethane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/medetomidine, and/or fentanyl/fluanisone/midazolam. Different effects have been demonstrated among these drugs on the urinary bladder, the urethral sphincter, as well as on their neuroregulation. The lowest incidence of adverse effects was observed with the use of a combination of ketamine and xylazine. Although the variations in the reviewed study protocols represent a limitation, we believe that this summary will help in standardizing and optimizing future experiments.
KW - Anesthesia/methods
KW - Anesthetics/pharmacology
KW - Animals
KW - Mice
KW - Rats
KW - Reflex/drug effects
KW - Urinary Bladder/physiopathology
KW - Urination/drug effects
KW - Urodynamics/drug effects
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0253192
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0253192
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 34166394
VL - 16
JO - PLoS ONE
JF - PLoS ONE
SN - 1932-6203
IS - 6
M1 - e0253192
ER -
ID: 316213847