Positive child development may be impeded by biological and socio-cultural adversity. However, a cognitively stimulating environment may compensate these risks. Studies have confirmed positive effects of preschool children's home literacy environments for their school readiness. We compared data of two longitudinal studies to investigate to what degree a stimulating home literacy environment can compensate biological (premature birth) and socio-cultural adversity (low SES and migration background). Results showed that a more stimulating home literacy environment predicted better cognitive and language development of both Turkish immigrant and very preterm/very low birth weight preschool children. Thus, parents of biological or socio-cultural at-risk children can promote resilience by providing a stimulating home literacy environment. We need more data on the specific developmental needs of different groups of at-risk children to facilitate their academic achievement.