Biogeography in the deep: Hierarchical population genomic structure of two beaked whale species
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The deep sea is the largest ecosystem on Earth, yet little is known about the processes driving patterns of genetic diversity in its inhabitants. Here, we investigated the macro- and microevolutionary processes shaping genomic population structure and diversity in two poorly understood, globally distributed, deep-sea predators: Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) and Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). We used double-digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) and whole mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequencing to characterise genetic patterns using phylogenetic trees, cluster analysis, isolation-by-distance, genetic diversity and differentiation statistics. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; Blainville's n = 43 samples, SNPs=13988; Cuvier's n = 123, SNPs= 30479) and mitogenomes (Blainville's n = 27; Cuvier's n = 35) revealed substantial hierarchical structure at a global scale. Both species display significant genetic structure between the Atlantic, Indo-Pacific and in Cuvier's, the Mediterranean Sea. Within major ocean basins, clear differentiation is found between genetic clusters on the east and west sides of the North Atlantic, and some distinct patterns of structure in the Indo-Pacific and Southern Hemisphere. We infer that macroevolutionary processes shaping patterns of genetic diversity include biogeographical barriers, highlighting the importance of such barriers even to highly mobile, deep-diving taxa. The barriers likely differ between the species due to their thermal tolerances and evolutionary histories. On a microevolutionary scale, it seems likely that the balance between resident populations displaying site fidelity, and transient individuals facilitating gene flow, shapes patterns of connectivity and genetic drift in beaked whales. Based on these results, we propose management units to facilitate improved conservation measures for these elusive species.
| Originalsprog | Engelsk |
|---|---|
| Artikelnummer | e02308 |
| Tidsskrift | Global Ecology and Conservation |
| Vol/bind | 40 |
| Antal sider | 18 |
| ISSN | 2351-9894 |
| DOI | |
| Status | Udgivet - 2022 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
We are grateful for helpful discussion and comments on the manuscript provided by B. Taylor (SWFSC) and J. Onoufriou. We are also grateful for the discussion, comments, edits and samples provided by D. Kerem (IMMRAC). The authors would like to thank K. Andrews for providing the ddRAD protocol. We also thank G. Melo-Santos for the drawings of Cuvier’s and Blainville’s beaked whales in Figs. 1 and 2 . Funding for this research was provided by the Office of Naval Research , Award numbers N000141613017 and N000142112712 . ABO was supported by a partial studentship from the University of St Andrews , School of Biology; OEG by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland ( Scottish Funding Council grant HR09011 ); ELC by a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand Te Aparangi; NAS by a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Innovation; MLM by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 801199 ); CR by the Marine Institute (Cetaceans on the Frontier) and the Irish Research Council; and MTO by the Hartmann Foundation . Advanced whole genome assemblies were provided by J. Johnson of the Broad Institute (https://data.broadinstitute.org/200m_variation/). Many thanks to the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive and Iwi, NMFS-Alaska Region Stranding Programs, NMFS-West Coast Region Stranding Programs, South Africa Museum (IZIKO), National Museum of Scotland, Nova Scotia Museum, SWFSC for allowing access to their Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Research Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, and Coordinadora Para o Estudo dos Mamiferos Mariños (CEMMA) for providing samples. National Museums Scotland thanks the Negaunee Foundation for their generous support of a curatorial preparator, and the SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund which supported the collection of beaked whale samples. Thanks also to OceanCare (Switzerland) for their support of the research program led by the Pelagos Cetacean Research Institute and the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage for part funding the Irish Cetacean Stranding Scheme. The authors thank a long list of sample contributors, field teams and lab personnel for their participation: C. Dunn (BMMRO), J. Calambokidis (Cascadia Research Collective), L. Hickmott (Open Ocean Consulting), the late R. N. P. Goodall (RNP Goodall Foundation), L. Dolar (Silliman University), K. Medlock (Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery), R. Pitman, the late W. Perrin, and J. Barlow of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), the late P. Best, M. Ferreira (MATB), D. Veytia, M. Anderson, P. Covelo (CEMMA), P.S. Olsen, T.B. Brand, and L. Vinner (GeoGenetics Sequencing Core), J. Dines, N. Hauser, P. Jepson, J. Mead, Z. Lucas, M. Oremus, C. Potter and J. St. Leger. Special thanks for the University of La Laguna field team supporting this research at El Hierro: C. Yzoard, J. Alcazar, D. Miranda, J. Marrero, P. Arranz, A. Martin, and R. Viñe.
Funding Information:
We are grateful for helpful discussion and comments on the manuscript provided by B. Taylor (SWFSC) and J. Onoufriou. We are also grateful for the discussion, comments, edits and samples provided by D. Kerem (IMMRAC). The authors would like to thank K. Andrews for providing the ddRAD protocol. We also thank G. Melo-Santos for the drawings of Cuvier's and Blainville's beaked whales in Figs. 1 and 2. Funding for this research was provided by the Office of Naval Research, Award numbers N000141613017 and N000142112712. ABO was supported by a partial studentship from the University of St Andrews, School of Biology; OEG by the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (Scottish Funding Council grant HR09011); ELC by a Rutherford Discovery Fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand Te Aparangi; NAS by a Ramon y Cajal Fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Innovation; MLM by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant 801199); CR by the Marine Institute (Cetaceans on the Frontier) and the Irish Research Council; and MTO by the Hartmann Foundation. Advanced whole genome assemblies were provided by J. Johnson of the Broad Institute (https://data.broadinstitute.org/200m_variation/). Many thanks to the New Zealand Cetacean Tissue Archive and Iwi, NMFS-Alaska Region Stranding Programs, NMFS-West Coast Region Stranding Programs, South Africa Museum (IZIKO), National Museum of Scotland, Nova Scotia Museum, SWFSC for allowing access to their Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Research Collection, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, and Coordinadora Para o Estudo dos Mamiferos Mariños (CEMMA) for providing samples. National Museums Scotland thanks the Negaunee Foundation for their generous support of a curatorial preparator, and the SeaWorld and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund which supported the collection of beaked whale samples. Thanks also to OceanCare (Switzerland) for their support of the research program led by the Pelagos Cetacean Research Institute and the National Parks and Wildlife Service of the Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage for part funding the Irish Cetacean Stranding Scheme. The authors thank a long list of sample contributors, field teams and lab personnel for their participation: C. Dunn (BMMRO), J. Calambokidis (Cascadia Research Collective), L. Hickmott (Open Ocean Consulting), the late R. N. P. Goodall (RNP Goodall Foundation), L. Dolar (Silliman University), K. Medlock (Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery), R. Pitman, the late W. Perrin, and J. Barlow of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC), the late P. Best, M. Ferreira (MATB), D. Veytia, M. Anderson, P. Covelo (CEMMA), P.S. Olsen, T.B. Brand, and L. Vinner (GeoGenetics Sequencing Core), J. Dines, N. Hauser, P. Jepson, J. Mead, Z. Lucas, M. Oremus, C. Potter and J. St. Leger. Special thanks for the University of La Laguna field team supporting this research at El Hierro: C. Yzoard, J. Alcazar, D. Miranda, J. Marrero, P. Arranz, A. Martin, and R. Viñe.
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© 2022 The Authors
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