A retrospective quantification study of benzoic acid, ibuprofen, and mecoprop in Danish groundwater samples
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A retrospective quantification study of benzoic acid, ibuprofen, and mecoprop in Danish groundwater samples. / Christensen, Peter; Kristensen, Mette; Hansen, Hans Christian B.; Borggaard, Ole K.; Christensen, Jan H.
I: Environmental Advances, Bind 7, 100180, 2022.Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Tidsskriftartikel › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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TY - JOUR
T1 - A retrospective quantification study of benzoic acid, ibuprofen, and mecoprop in Danish groundwater samples
AU - Christensen, Peter
AU - Kristensen, Mette
AU - Hansen, Hans Christian B.
AU - Borggaard, Ole K.
AU - Christensen, Jan H.
N1 - Funding Information: Financial support for this work was provided by the Water Research Initiative at University of Copenhagen that funded the PhD project of Peter Christensen. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022
Y1 - 2022
N2 - Target analysis of pre-selected compounds is the standard procedure for monitoring of groundwater quality. However, compounds, not included on the target list can still be present but are overlooked in this targeted approach. In a previous non-target screening (NTS) study, groundwater samples from catchments covering different land uses were analysed by solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis (SPE-DLLME-GC-MS), where potential chemical markers for land-use, benzoic acid (natural metabolite), ibuprofen (pharmaceutical) and mecoprop (pesticide), were identified but not quantified. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy for retrospective quantitative analysis and to perform retrospective analysis of the identified chemical markers in SPE groundwater extracts stored frozen for 3 years. The stored extracts were derivatised to transform carboxylic acid functional groups into methyl-esters and further concentrated by DLLME and analyzed by GC-MS. Ibuprofen was detected in six replicates from one well in Haderup (0.0070 ± 0.0023 µg /L) and in one well from Skive (0.0032 µg/L) indicating anthropogenic input. Mecoprop was detected in two samples with concentrations of 0.0095 µg/L and 3.3 µg/L that can be ascribed to agriculture. Benzoic acid was detected in all samples in the range of 0.072 - 1.20 µg/L except for Jyderup Skov where concentrations up to 161 µg/L were found, probably originating from the coniferous forest dominating this site. A combination of NTS analysis and retrospective quantification showed to be a promising strategy for monitoring of land-use markers. The strategy is challenged by effects of storage and lack of selectively in the NTS sample preparation method. Two additional sample preparation steps were carried out in this study (derivatization and DLLME) to improve the selectivity and sensivitiy of the retrospective analysis.
AB - Target analysis of pre-selected compounds is the standard procedure for monitoring of groundwater quality. However, compounds, not included on the target list can still be present but are overlooked in this targeted approach. In a previous non-target screening (NTS) study, groundwater samples from catchments covering different land uses were analysed by solid-phase extraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analysis (SPE-DLLME-GC-MS), where potential chemical markers for land-use, benzoic acid (natural metabolite), ibuprofen (pharmaceutical) and mecoprop (pesticide), were identified but not quantified. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy for retrospective quantitative analysis and to perform retrospective analysis of the identified chemical markers in SPE groundwater extracts stored frozen for 3 years. The stored extracts were derivatised to transform carboxylic acid functional groups into methyl-esters and further concentrated by DLLME and analyzed by GC-MS. Ibuprofen was detected in six replicates from one well in Haderup (0.0070 ± 0.0023 µg /L) and in one well from Skive (0.0032 µg/L) indicating anthropogenic input. Mecoprop was detected in two samples with concentrations of 0.0095 µg/L and 3.3 µg/L that can be ascribed to agriculture. Benzoic acid was detected in all samples in the range of 0.072 - 1.20 µg/L except for Jyderup Skov where concentrations up to 161 µg/L were found, probably originating from the coniferous forest dominating this site. A combination of NTS analysis and retrospective quantification showed to be a promising strategy for monitoring of land-use markers. The strategy is challenged by effects of storage and lack of selectively in the NTS sample preparation method. Two additional sample preparation steps were carried out in this study (derivatization and DLLME) to improve the selectivity and sensivitiy of the retrospective analysis.
KW - Benzoic acid
KW - Chemical marker for land use
KW - Groundwater
KW - Ibuprofen
KW - Mecoprop
KW - Retrospective analysis
U2 - 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100180
DO - 10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100180
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85124041637
VL - 7
JO - Environmental Advances
JF - Environmental Advances
SN - 2666-7657
M1 - 100180
ER -
ID: 292180458