It is well known that security operations, whether public, private, in-house, or public- private hybrids, may give rise to significant human rights issues.1 Consequently, the poorly regulated provision of security for investment projects has long been a source of particular human rights concern.2 This is especially true of large-scale projects involving the exploitation of natural resources, where marginalised groups, such as indigenous communities or minority groups, often experience the harsh impacts of the unrestrained use of force by security actors.3 A lack of well-defined roles and responsibilities; poor recruitment, vetting, and training practices; and limited oversight of security providers result in well-documented human rights abuses and so- called ‘security disparities’ which adversely impact communities.4 Therefore, States and business actors, whether as security actors themselves or as clients of security actors, must ensure that security operations comply with international human rights law and international humanitarian law (IHL) where appropriate, as well as any other applicable international legal provisions, throughout the life of a project.