TY - JOUR

T1 - Postnatal growth following prenatal lead exposure and calcium intake

AU - Hong, Yun-Chul

AU - Kulkarni, Surabhi Shah

AU - Lim, Youn-Hee

AU - Kim, Eunjeong

AU - Ha, Mina

AU - Park, Hyesook

AU - Kim, Yangho

AU - Kim, Bung-Nyun

AU - Chang, Namsoo

AU - Oh, Se-Young

AU - Kim, Young-Ju

AU - Park, Chooghee

AU - Ha, Eun-hee

N1 - Copyright © 2014 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

PY - 2014

Y1 - 2014

N2 - BACKGROUND: The effects on postnatal growth of maternal exposure to low levels of lead during pregnancy have not been well established. In addition, information is limited regarding the protective effect of dietary calcium intake during pregnancy against the effect of lead for fetal and postnatal growth. We investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to lead and growth at birth and 6, 12, and 24 months postnatal, and evaluated the role of calcium intake against the effect of lead.METHODS: A total of 1150 pregnant women, and their subsequent offspring, enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study (Mothers and Children's Environmental Health Study), were evaluated. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted to estimate the effects of prenatal maternal blood lead levels on growth at each follow-up.RESULTS: The blood lead levels of participating mothers were <5.0 μg/dL and mean levels were 1.25 μg/dL during the early (before 20 gestational weeks) and late (at delivery) gestational periods. Prenatal exposure to lead, particularly in late pregnancy, was significantly associated with a reduction in infantile growth at 24 months. When pregnant women had dietary calcium intake at mean or upper level, the association was not significant. In contrast, lower than mean level of calcium intake intensified the adverse effect of prenatal lead exposure on growth in children.CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal lead exposure <5.0 μg/dL adversely affects postnatal growth and low calcium intake aggravates the effect, indicating more stringent control of lead and sufficient intake of calcium are necessary to help children's health.

AB - BACKGROUND: The effects on postnatal growth of maternal exposure to low levels of lead during pregnancy have not been well established. In addition, information is limited regarding the protective effect of dietary calcium intake during pregnancy against the effect of lead for fetal and postnatal growth. We investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to lead and growth at birth and 6, 12, and 24 months postnatal, and evaluated the role of calcium intake against the effect of lead.METHODS: A total of 1150 pregnant women, and their subsequent offspring, enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study (Mothers and Children's Environmental Health Study), were evaluated. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted to estimate the effects of prenatal maternal blood lead levels on growth at each follow-up.RESULTS: The blood lead levels of participating mothers were <5.0 μg/dL and mean levels were 1.25 μg/dL during the early (before 20 gestational weeks) and late (at delivery) gestational periods. Prenatal exposure to lead, particularly in late pregnancy, was significantly associated with a reduction in infantile growth at 24 months. When pregnant women had dietary calcium intake at mean or upper level, the association was not significant. In contrast, lower than mean level of calcium intake intensified the adverse effect of prenatal lead exposure on growth in children.CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal lead exposure <5.0 μg/dL adversely affects postnatal growth and low calcium intake aggravates the effect, indicating more stringent control of lead and sufficient intake of calcium are necessary to help children's health.

KW - Body Height/drug effects

KW - Body Mass Index

KW - Body Weight/drug effects

KW - Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage

KW - Child, Preschool

KW - Cohort Studies

KW - Disease Progression

KW - Female

KW - Fetal Blood/chemistry

KW - Follow-Up Studies

KW - Gestational Age

KW - Humans

KW - Hypocalcemia/blood

KW - Infant

KW - Infant, Newborn

KW - Lead/blood

KW - Lead Poisoning/blood

KW - Male

KW - Pregnancy

KW - Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/blood

KW - Prospective Studies

U2 - 10.1542/peds.2014-1658

DO - 10.1542/peds.2014-1658

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 25422017

VL - 134

SP - 1151

EP - 1159

JO - Pediatrics

JF - Pediatrics

SN - 0031-4005

IS - 6

ER -