TY - JOUR

T1 - DNA in ancient bone - where is it located and how should we extract it?

AU - Campos, Paula

AU - Craig, Oliver E.

AU - Turner-Walker, Gordon

AU - Peacock, Elizabeth

AU - Willerslev, Eske

AU - Gilbert, Tom

N1 - Special Issue: Ancient DNA

PY - 2012/1/20

Y1 - 2012/1/20

N2 - Despite the widespread use of bones in ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, relatively little concrete information exists in regard to how the DNA in mineralised collagen degrades, or where it survives in the material's architecture. While, at the macrostructural level, physical exclusion of microbes and other external contaminants may be an important feature, and, at the ultrastructural level, the adsorption of DNA to hydroxyapatite and/or binding of DNA to Type I collagen may stabilise the DNA, the relative contribution of each, and what other factors may be relevant, are unclear. There is considerable variation in the quality of DNA retrieved from bones and teeth. This is in part due to various environmental factors such as temperature, proximity to free water or oxygen, pH, salt content, and exposure to radiation, all of which increase the rate of DNA decay. For example, bone specimens from sites at high latitudes usually yield better quality DNA than samples from temperate regions, which in turn yield better results than samples from tropical regions. However, this is not always the case, and rates of success of DNA recovery from apparently similar sites are often strikingly different. The question arises as to whether this may be due to post-collection preservation or just an artefact of the extraction methods used in these different studies? In an attempt to resolve these questions, we examine the efficacy of DNA extraction methods, and the quality and quantity of DNA recovered from both artificially degraded, and genuinely ancient, but well preserved, bones. In doing so we offer hypotheses relevant to the DNA degradation process itself, and to where and how the DNA is actually preserved in ancient bone.

AB - Despite the widespread use of bones in ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, relatively little concrete information exists in regard to how the DNA in mineralised collagen degrades, or where it survives in the material's architecture. While, at the macrostructural level, physical exclusion of microbes and other external contaminants may be an important feature, and, at the ultrastructural level, the adsorption of DNA to hydroxyapatite and/or binding of DNA to Type I collagen may stabilise the DNA, the relative contribution of each, and what other factors may be relevant, are unclear. There is considerable variation in the quality of DNA retrieved from bones and teeth. This is in part due to various environmental factors such as temperature, proximity to free water or oxygen, pH, salt content, and exposure to radiation, all of which increase the rate of DNA decay. For example, bone specimens from sites at high latitudes usually yield better quality DNA than samples from temperate regions, which in turn yield better results than samples from tropical regions. However, this is not always the case, and rates of success of DNA recovery from apparently similar sites are often strikingly different. The question arises as to whether this may be due to post-collection preservation or just an artefact of the extraction methods used in these different studies? In an attempt to resolve these questions, we examine the efficacy of DNA extraction methods, and the quality and quantity of DNA recovered from both artificially degraded, and genuinely ancient, but well preserved, bones. In doing so we offer hypotheses relevant to the DNA degradation process itself, and to where and how the DNA is actually preserved in ancient bone.

U2 - 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.07.003

DO - 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.07.003

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 21855309

VL - 194

SP - 7

EP - 16

JO - Annals of Anatomy

JF - Annals of Anatomy

SN - 0940-9602

IS - 1

ER -