Cumulative Lactation and Clinical Metabolic Outcomes at Mid-Life among Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes
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Lactation is associated with a lower risk of subsequent cardiometabolic disease among parous women; however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Further, the potential protective effects of lactation on cardiometabolic risk markers at mid-life among high-risk women with past gestational diabetes (GDM) are not established. Using data from the Diabetes & Women’s Health Study (2012-2014; n = 577), a longitudinal cohort of women with past GDM from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996-2002), we assessed associations of cumulative lactation duration (none, < 6 months, 6-12 months, ≥ 12-24 months, and ≥ 24 months) with clinical metabolic outcomes (including type 2 diabetes [T2D], prediabetes, and obesity) and cardiometabolic biomarkers (including biomarkers of glucose/insulin metabolism, fasting lipids, inflammation, and anthropometrics) 9-16 years after enrollment when women were at mid-life. At follow-up, women were 43.9 years old (SD 4.6) with a BMI of 28.7 kg/m2 (IQR 24.6, 33.0); 28.6% of participants had T2D, 39.7% had prediabetes, and 41.2% had obesity. Relative risks (95% CI) of T2D for 0-6, 6-12, 12-24, and ≥ 24 months of cumulative lactation duration compared to none were 0.94 (0.62,1.44), 0.88 (0.59,1.32), 0.73 (0.46,1.17), and 0.71 (0.40,1.27), respectively. Cumulative lactation duration was not significantly associated with any other clinical outcome or continuous biomarker. In this high-risk cohort of middle-aged women with past GDM, T2D, prediabetes, and obesity were common at follow-up, but not associated with history of cumulative lactation duration 9-16 years after the index pregnancy. Further studies in diverse populations among women at mid-age are needed to understand associations of breastfeeding with T2D.
| Originalsprog | Engelsk |
|---|---|
| Artikelnummer | 650 |
| Tidsskrift | Nutrients |
| Vol/bind | 14 |
| Udgave nummer | 3 |
| ISSN | 2072-6643 |
| DOI | |
| Status | Udgivet - 2022 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health (award numbers HHSN275201000020C, HHSN275201500003C, HHSN275201300026I, and HSN275201100002I), March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (6‐FY‐96‐0240, 6‐FY97‐0553, 6‐FY97‐ 0521, and 6‐FY00‐407), Innovation Fund Denmark (09‐067124 and 11‐115923, ‘Centre for Fetal Pro‐ gramming’), the Health Foundation (11/263‐96), the Heart Foundation (96‐2‐4‐83‐22450), the EU (FP7‐289346‐EarlyNutrition), the Danish Diabetes Academy supported by the Novo Nordisk Foun‐ dation, a career development award from the National Institutes of Health Building Interdiscipli‐ nary Research Careers in Women’s Health Program (5K12HD052163), career development awards from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5K08DK103945 to PLW and 5K01DK120807 to YZ), P20GM109036 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, and R01HL157666 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Funding Information:
This research was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the National Institutes of Health (award numbers HHSN275201000020C, HHSN275201500003C, HHSN275201300026I, and SN275201100002I), March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (6-FY-96-0240, 6-FY97-0553, 6-FY97- 0521, and 6-FY00-407), Innovation Fund Denmark (09-067124 and 11-115923, ?Centre for Fetal Programming?), the Health Foundation (11/263-96), the Heart Foundation (96-2-4-83-22450), the EU (FP7-289346-EarlyNutrition), the Danish Diabetes Academy supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation, a career development award from the National Institutes of Health Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women?s Health Program (5K12HD052163), career development awards from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5K08DK103945 to PLW and 5K01DK120807 to YZ), P20GM109036 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, and R01HL157666 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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