Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is an oro-facial pain condition characterized by a persistent burning sensation in an otherwise normal-appearing oral mucosa, and without an obvious local or systemic cause. In addition to the burning pain, patients often suffer from dry mouth and taste disturbances. BMS particularly affects peri- and postmenopausal women. The aetiology remains unknown, but is considered multifactorial involving an interplay between endocrinological, neurophysiological and psychological factors. Several recent studies suggest that BMS is a neuropathic pain condition involving peripheral and/or central neurogenic pain mechanisms. Diagnosis and treatment are often complex and difficult, and require interdisciplinary collaboration. This article reviews the incidence, symptomatology, putative aetiopathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostics, including differential diagnostic factors, and therapeutic options.