TY - JOUR

T1 - Association of type 1 diabetes and educational achievement in 16-20-year-olds

T2 - A Danish nationwide register study

AU - Lindkvist, Emilie Bundgaard

AU - Thorsen, Steffen Ullitz

AU - Paulsrud, Cecilie

AU - Thingholm, Peter Rono

AU - Eriksen, Tine Louise Mundbjerg

AU - Gaulke, Amanda

AU - Skipper, Niels

AU - Svensson, Jannet

PY - 2022

Y1 - 2022

N2 - Aims The objective of the study was to compare grade point averages (GPAs) on compulsory school exit exams (exam GPA) and educational attainment at age 16 and 20 for individuals with and without type 1 diabetes. Methods This study was a population-based retrospective cohort study, which included the 1991 to 1998 birth cohorts in Denmark. Follow-up was conducted at age 16 and 20 (follow-up period; 1 January, 2007 to 31 December, 2018). There were 2083 individuals with and 555,929 individuals without type 1 diabetes. Linear regression and generalized linear models compared outcomes with and without adjustments for socio-economic characteristics. Results A total of 558,012 individuals (51% males) were followed to the age of 20. Having type 1 diabetes was associated with a lower exam GPA when adjusting for socio-economic status (difference: -0.05 (95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01), a higher relative risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 (1.37, 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.53)), and a higher relative risk of not completing or being enrolled in upper secondary education by age 20 (1.05, 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.10). Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7 BGM/day and insulin pump use were associated with better educational achievement. Conclusion Type 1 diabetes was associated with a marginally lower exam GPA and a higher risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 and lower educational attainment by age 20. The findings were modified by HbA1c, BGM and insulin pump use.

AB - Aims The objective of the study was to compare grade point averages (GPAs) on compulsory school exit exams (exam GPA) and educational attainment at age 16 and 20 for individuals with and without type 1 diabetes. Methods This study was a population-based retrospective cohort study, which included the 1991 to 1998 birth cohorts in Denmark. Follow-up was conducted at age 16 and 20 (follow-up period; 1 January, 2007 to 31 December, 2018). There were 2083 individuals with and 555,929 individuals without type 1 diabetes. Linear regression and generalized linear models compared outcomes with and without adjustments for socio-economic characteristics. Results A total of 558,012 individuals (51% males) were followed to the age of 20. Having type 1 diabetes was associated with a lower exam GPA when adjusting for socio-economic status (difference: -0.05 (95% CI, -0.09 to -0.01), a higher relative risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 (1.37, 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.53)), and a higher relative risk of not completing or being enrolled in upper secondary education by age 20 (1.05, 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.10). Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7 BGM/day and insulin pump use were associated with better educational achievement. Conclusion Type 1 diabetes was associated with a marginally lower exam GPA and a higher risk of not completing compulsory school by age 16 and lower educational attainment by age 20. The findings were modified by HbA1c, BGM and insulin pump use.

KW - academic performance

KW - diabetes mellitus

KW - educational status

KW - glycated haemoglobin A

KW - hypoglycaemia

KW - ketoacidosis

KW - type 1

KW - SCHOOL PERFORMANCE

KW - GLYCEMIC CONTROL

KW - CHILDREN

KW - CHILDHOOD

KW - YOUTH

KW - BRAIN

U2 - 10.1111/dme.14673

DO - 10.1111/dme.14673

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 34407249

VL - 39

JO - Diabetic Medicine

JF - Diabetic Medicine

SN - 0742-3071

IS - 2

M1 - 14673

ER -