Nitrate (NO₃ ⁻) reduction processes are important for depleting the NO₃ ⁻ load from agricultural source areas before the discharge water reaches surface waters or groundwater aquifers. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate the co-occurrence of microbial iron sulfide oxidation by NO₃ ⁻ (MISON) and other NO₃ ⁻-depleting processes in a range of contrasting sediment types: sandy groundwater aquifer, non-managed minerotrophic freshwater peat and two brackish muddy sediments. Approximately 1/3 of the net NO₃ ⁻ reduction was caused by MISON in three of the four environments despite the presence of organic carbon in the sediment. An apparent salinity limitation to MISON was observed in the most brackish environment. Addition of high surface area synthetically precipitated iron sulfide (FeS _x ) to the aquifer sediment with the lowest natural FeS _x reactivity increased both the relative fraction of NO₃ ⁻ reduction linked to MISON from approximately 30–100 % and the absolute rates by a factor of 17, showing that the potential for MISON-related NO₃ ⁻ reduction is environmentally significant and rate limited by the availability of reactive FeS _x